![]() In actual fact, only about 30% of apple fruit is consumed as food, the remaining 70% goes as waste. When the fruit matures, the nut falls off the tree with the apple that contains the juice. The harvesting and processing of cashew nut generate a lot of wastes, which include cashew apple juice, shell, press cake and nut shell liquid. (Fig.1) 1) is on large scale with the production of cashew nut estimated at 100,000 tonnes and world production standing at 3.96 million tonnes. In Nigeria, cultivation of cashew ( Anacardium occidentale) (Fig. It is envisaged that the list of agrowastes employed in citric acid production will be on the increase as researches in this area progress. Several cheap agro-industrial wastes that include cassava peel, banana peel, rice straw, orange peel, sugarcane bagasse, chicken feather and pomegranate peel among others have been employed for the microbial production of citric acid. Thus, the production of citric acid through fermentation will continue to be a hotbed of scientific endeavours. summarized the strategies to enhance the efficient production of citric acid, and these include continuous screening for producers, production of high yielding mutants, exploitation of low-cost substrates, metabolic engineering and optimization of the fermentation process. The global value of citric acid was estimated at $3.6b in 2020. Its global demand was in excess of 2 million tons in 2015, which requires innovative approaches for production through fermentation to meet the increasing demand. Citric acid is produced in large amount and it is the next largest fermentation product after ethanol. It is accepted as an acidulant and preservative that can be consumed in large quantities due to its low toxicity. Ĭitric acid has immense applications in different industries that include the production of foods, drinks and pharmaceuticals. It is easy to handle and has the ability to ferment a variety of cheap raw materials to produce citric acid with potentials of high yield. niger is used as cell factory for a wide range of commercial enzymes as well as the production of millions of tons of organic acids. niger is regarded as safe with a GRAS status by the US Food and Drugs Administration under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. intermidia, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida tropicalis, Pichia kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have also been used to produce citric acid.Īmong industrially important microorganisms are the Aspergilli they are a fascinating group of fungi that exhibit immense ecological and metabolic diversity. foetidus as well as some strains of Penicillium such as P. Many microorganisms have been screened for the production of citric acid including bacteria such as Bacillus licheniformis, B. One of the most important is the fungus Aspergillus niger, used industrially for the production of organic acids. Filamentous fungi are extensively used in the fermentation industry for the synthesis of numerous products that include enzymes, functional foods and organic acids and more recently in nanobiotechnology to produce nanoparticles. ![]() Understanding of control fermentation during the World War I resulted in the development of the acetone-butanol and glycerol fermentation, and from similar processes, the discovery of citric acid production was achieved. For thousands of years, microorganisms have been used to produce products such as bread, beer and wine. ![]() The development of new microbial agents for products of importance to human being was dated to the era of traditional microbial biotechnology. The knowledge of microbial biotechnology has aided the utilization of microorganisms for the production of enzymes, vaccines and disease diagnostic tools and the development of new industrial catalysts and products from fermentation that include organic acids.
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